SOLAR ENERGY USES
Role
Everybody has less interest in solar system. We've talked to many people that they are willing to implement the solar system, but they lack behind due to lack of proper guideline, they are satisfied with traditional electricity due to fear of the initial cost of many. Others believe that the system will be deformed within a few days. This book is written to encourage such misconceptions and to encourage those who are interested in working on this issue right now. Reading this book will mean that the solar system is no longer limited to lanterns, home lighting systems and street lights. Solar systems now have their own place in all the sectors of electricity-based life.
Not only is the use of solar systems, but it should also be aimed at reducing the use of conventional electricity. Not just criticism, this book has been created in such a way that interested readers can create solar system models on their own with the given images and discussions. If they work with these projects in hand, they will be able to get acquainted with the various solar system techniques. This identity is very much needed by any person in the society.
If the willing people can earn this right as their livelihood and run their families, then the work of writing this book will be successful.
Basic concepts about solar power
The nearest star of the Earth is the sun. In the Sun, there is a lot of heat and energy for nuclear explosion, millions of kilometers away, the planet is the main cause of life. We know that in the hot heat of the sun, the water of the sea becomes vaporized and it causes clouds to rise, which then falls to the ground after rain. Hydroelectricity is made by turning the turbines from this drop-out water. Again, the bodies of plants and animals were buried under the earth for thousands of years and they became coal. From the bottom of the soil, we generate thermal power, and the air is generated due to the sun's heat, especially the atmospheric temperature wind, due to which we have learned to make electricity.
Later, we will learn how solar systems have been utilized by utilizing this super heat and light energy.
Primary concepts about electric and electronics.
Each made with the same number of electrons (-) and the number of holes (+). If for some reason the balance of the substance is not incompatible then the substance is charged. That is, the difference in voltage difference is created. As a result, the substance has the ability to do some work. Electricity is a characteristic that is directly related to electric charge.
The electronics, such as diodes, transistors, ICs, etc., combined with electrical circuits, are called electronics.
When the electrons flow through a conductor, we call it current current. The unit of the current is the ampere.
Current two types- (i) Direct Current - DC (ii) Alternating Current - AC.
Voltage: (v) For the reason that the current flows through a conductor, we call it voltage. That is, voltage holes and types of emphasis, due to which the current flows through a conductor.
Registry: Resistance is called inhibition. Registry interrupts the electrical current in a conductor
Current flow direction
There is a -
Anod (+) The other is the cathode (-), the direct current can flow through the diode, but the alternating current can not be flowing, so the diode is called a rectifier.
Zener Diode: Zener Dyad is a special type of diode, which usually flows straight on the straight side, but it can also flow to the opposite direction on a particular voltage.
Transistor: Transistor is a three-dimensional semiconductor material, it has three terminals - bases, emitters and collectors.
Transistor is of two types - PNP level and NPN level. P is positive ie n negative. These two layers are made of tricygars by setting back in the back.
Fat Effect Transistor - It is a special type of transistor. This transistor performs the work of electrically conductive (+) or any one of the negative conductors (-). That's why another transistor like this
The name is the uni polar transistor. This transistor also has three terminals. Namely -
S = SOURCE
D = DRAIN
G = GATE
Masfate (Metal Oxide Semi Conductors Field Effect Transistor) This type of transistor is used where more electrical transport is required. In contrast to the normal fate, there is another terminal in addition to the source drain and the gate. Called Body. The buds are connected to the source terminal.
The whole thing of ICICI is that Integrated Circuit is called IC when a large circuits made of diodes, registers, transistors, capacitors, and so on in a compact packet. Ic's terminal is built depending on the type of circuit inside the IC. That is why Ic does not have any specific terminals.
Inductors: We call the inductors as coils. A simple insulated wire is made of peachy coils. A coil may have a storehouse of electrical power magnet.
Electrical Power: The unit of electrical power is Watt. The value of w is measured by multiplying the ampere (A) with vortex (V). That is 12V, 2Amp means (12 x 2) = 24 Watt (w).
Electrical Energy: Electric Energy is a work at a specified time. Its unit is W, that is, w x times (hour) = watt hour.
100 W x 10 H = 1000 Wh
1000 Wh = 1kWh = 1 unit (U)
Light emitting diode: LED is the source of semiconductor light. Actually it is a PN junction diode. It is made with a semiconductor compound in such a way that when the current flows through, most of the energy is transformed into photocana. The LED's, ie the (+) and the cathode (-) terminals are only connected to the circuit. The LED will not burn when the LED is reversed with the circuits. Depending on the right voltage, current and temperature, LED's life is 25 thousand to 50 thousand hours.
Solar System: Four super-solar systems have been built mainly by utilizing the sun's heat and light energy. As shown in the previous page picture.
Solar Photovoltaic System: In this process we will learn the techniques of generating power by using sunlight, but before that we will know what is actually the photovoltaic cell How it is made. How or how it works and how the solar modules are created from them.
Solar Cell / Photovoltaic Cell: Photo means light and voltaic means electricity. Therefore, photovoltaic means the light dissipation in the special semiconductor material (silicon zermanium).
The light bulb or photon particle strikes the loose electrode of the silicon atm, and disintegrates it. P-N (Hole and electrons) made of half-conductive materials create voltage differences for the energy of this isolated electron. Which gives rise to the electron flow, which we call a direct current flow. Solar modules can not only store light energy by transforming it into electricity.
Solar modules: Solar modules or photo voltaic modules are created by joining series and parallel with many small cellular cells interconnected. There is a junction box on the back of the solar module. There all the series and parallel connections come to a positive (+) and a (-) terminals. The Solar module's unit is Wapti (WP).
Solar Charge Controller: The main function of Solar Charge Controller is to charge the battery from the incoming current from the solar module and do not allow the battery to be disrupted by sending load-like transmissions. Also, a reverse protection diode is applied for the absence of sunlight in the absence of sunlight, so that the battery can not reach the current solar module.
Based on the charging method, there are three types of charge controllers available in the market.
1) DC Charge Controller
2) Charge Controller with PWM or Pulse Wide Modulation
3) Chip Controller with MPTP (Maximum Power Point )
Solar Battery: Solar Battery is a kind of rechargeable battery that can be charged daily and discharged daily. It is made specifically for the use of stand-alone systems, the depth of the solar battery's depth of discharge is generally 80-85%. Where the general inverter battery is 60%. For this reason, the charging efficiency or effectiveness of solar batteries is very high. The battery unit is the unit of charge, the solar battery series, such as the Ampere Hour (Ah) Solar module, and the Parallal Connection make its voltage and current suitable for use.
Solar system loads: Solar systems usually load two types.
1. Low voltage DC load
2. Load 220 in volts
1. Low voltage DC load: usually refers to 6 volts and 12 volt loads. Solar lanterns are 6 volts and solar home lighting systems and solar street lighting system are 12 volts. Such loads can be connected directly to the output of the charge controller.
2. Loads in 220 volts: These types of loads can not be run directly from the output of the Dishi Charge Controller. Such as AC, ceiling fan, AC tube light, CFL, computer etc. To use them from the solar system, add an inverter battery to the output. AC can be found from the output of the inverter. As a result, loads used in the AC can be run smoothly.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system types:
The solar photovoltaic system is mainly divided into two parts. (1) off grid, (2) on grid.
1. Solar Off Grid System or Stand Alon System -
It is a kind of solar system with which any connection or current connection to the current electricity
DC 12 Volt Fan
Does not exist Such as solar lanterns, solar home lighting systems, solar street lighting systems, solar pumps etc.
Solar Lanthan: In the past, we used a hurricane or leftover used in kerosene oil. But the use of these materials is toxic carbon monoxide gas emitted. Which is extremely harmful to our body. There are also many diseases of the eyes to reduce the light. Little children are suffering from eye problems when they are using hybrids while they are studying. There is also the possibility of hurricane rains in storm rains.
To get rid of all these problems, we have learned to use Solar LED lantern. A solar lantern consists of an LED lamp, a solar module, a small battery, a charge controller, a few cables and some beautiful cabinets. Small battery is charged during the day with solar modules from the sunlight.
For the study or other needs of the house, we fuel the LED lamp from the charged battery. In this kind of lantern, we can do the necessary work in the house, as well as on the street or in the field even in the slightest rain.
Procedure for making an economy solar lantern: Our solar lantern is mainly of two types, the first is four volts and the second is six volts. First we will learn how to make four-volt lanterns.
Printed Circuit Board -
Making four volts lanterns is very easy. Because it only has a charging circuit. There is no load cut-off circuit in this lantern. For the charging circuit that works very well, this lantern ball-converter circuits have been used. This is a DC to DC converter circuit. And its efficiency is much more. He says that "energy loss" is not nearly the same as charging the battery.
Here is a five-pin LM 2576 i-CC using "Buck Converter" IC. One pin pin input pin. That means, this pin will have an integrated solar energy input. Filters have been associated with a 220uF / 16V capacitor negative from this pin. ICT four pinned feed back pin and two number pins are output pins.
Well, it will be seen that a diode (IN5819) from the output pin is fitted with the negative by reversing the reactions. The diode has a coil with the cathode, i.e. the number two pin. The other end of the coil is directly connected to the four pin of Ic. With this end of the coil, ie iCL's four pins, there is a 10-kilowatt lighting system with a 10K resistance and a stack diode (IN 5819) is included in the anode. The diode's cathode we get five voltage regulated output. Which will be directly connected with charging for four volt batteries. The middle pin of a three pin switch is added to this battery positive (as shown in the image). As a load we have used one of the eight LED lamp pillars here. To reduce or increase the brightness of the light, we used two tow resistants here. For more light we used 3.3 ohm resistor and used 15 ohm resistor for low light. Which connects those three pin switches to the other two pins. The two ends of the two watts rejoined with each other connected with the positive terminal of the LED lamp pillar. The Negative of Batistham is directly connected to the battery negatives. So it is understood that if the switch is placed in the middle, the LED lamp will not burn. Pressing down will lighten the lampstand and lower the light when the switch presses the top. Solar input sockets, switches, battery battlesets and wear circuits have been placed inside a beautiful and light cabinets.
Economy Solar Lantern -
We can make this light with one or two 4v / 2Ah batteries. If the lantern is made with two batteries, it will take seven to eight hours of sunlight on the battery to fully charge and it will burn for four to five hours. If it is made with a battery it will take four hours to fully charge and we can burn two to two and a half hours.
Process to create new general lantern
This time we will learn how to create a six-volt new lantern. Here, as a Charging Circuit, we used a small lantern used to make a slight change. Whose output has been kept at 7.5 volts. This output is directly connected to the 6-volt battery for charging. The Cut Off Circuit is a separate P. C. B. Created on Here LM 358 IC has been chosen for Cut Off. Whose eight number is positive and the number four pin is directly connected to the negative. Two variants of two volts of 3.3 volts have been voiced by pin and five numbers. A preset has been added to the number three pin. With which we can control LED 1 and LED 2 and know the location of charging and trick charging. Another preset has been added from six number pins. With which we can change the battery low-cut off position. Which we can understand by seeing LED 3. Seven number of pins are directly connected to the fate gate. That means by controlling the cut off preset, we can change the gate of the gate or the position. The patch source pin is directly connected to the battery positive. And the cleavage drain pin has been attached to the middle pin of a three pin switch. A set key diode with another two pins of the switch and a 15 Ohm 2-watt resistance is added (as shown in the picture, the other end of the diode and the resistances connected with each other to the positive terminal of the LED candle. The negative terminal of the LED candle is directly connected to the battery negatives Has been fitted with.
That means the lantern does not burn if you put the switch in the middle like a small lantern. Pressing down the lantern will flush and the light will be low when the switch is pressed. If you add a 5-volt smart mobile charger circuit with the lantern, it will be possible to charge the mobile. But during mobile charging, be aware that the battery is in full charge. A three-watt pickup solar module has been used for charging the lantern. During a charging, a blue LED will be lit. A green LED was fitted to understand whether the battery was usable during charging. After seven to eight hours of charging, the lantern can be used for four to five hours after evening. If the lanthan is not fired or if it is not charging properly, the LED column in the lantern will be disconnected from the battery with the help of autocat circuit. As a result, it will not burn again. During this time there is a red indicator LED in the water. Once the battery is charging, the red LED indicator will be automatically disconnected and the lantern will be able to burn. The battery is never likely to be overcharged in order to have a tail charging system. As a result, the lantern is not used for some time, even if it is charging, but the battery is not likely to get worse.
Economy Solar Home Lighting System: This is a very useful Solar Equipments. The origin of this thought is to meet the problems of light in two different aliases.
Like the new general lantern, its system voltage is six. That is, here too, a three-wattic solar module and a six-volt and five ampere-hour battery have been used. As an output load we used two one watt LED bulbs here
This home light system is almost like the circuit of the new general lanthanite circuit. Just like in the three sets of diodes (IN5819) from the output of the switch,
It has been fitted so that one LED bulb is pressed on one side and two LED bulbs will flick on the other side. Even if the system is charging all day, it will burn four to five hours after evening.
Procedure for creating mobile charger circuits: The mobile charger circuit is mainly used for use in six volts and twelve volts batteries. This is a sophisticated Result Circuit. Actually it is a DC to DC converter circuit. Whom we call the speech converter. Energy loss is less because of its efficiency. Here LM2576-5 IC has been used to work on converting. Whose number one pin is connected to 6 volts or 12 volt batteries. A capacitor has been used to filter. Ic's
Printed circuit board
Three and five number pins have been associated with the negative. The two PINs of ICT work as output pins and four number pin feedback pins. Two number pins have been reversed with rectangular biaasing with a socket key diode (IN5822) negative. A cylinder with the diode's cathode i.e. pin number two is fitted. The other end of the coil is attached to the number four PINs of the ICL and connected to a 220 uF / 16V capacitor (as in the picture) negative from this connection point. An LED with the output is fitted with 10K resistance. In order to understand the LED burner, the converter circuit is working properly. In order to avoid any unwanted external feedback that could not harm this circuit, a circuit key was used by biasing a set key diode forward.
Regulatory Adjustable Output Circuit Generation
This circuit can be made by making little changes to the 5-volt DC-to-DC converter circuits. Here the output voltage is controlled with a variable resistance.
Solar Street Lighting System:
This is an auto complete stand allon system. The method of creating this system is very similar to the method of making 12 volt solar home lighting system. It is made in such a way that it may be charged with sunlight for a whole day, and after the evening the light can burn and burn all night.
The dawn of the morning light started automatically and started charging. Therefore, this ALOTI has to take help of a special type of circuit to automatically burn or disconnect. Which is called "Doc to Dawn" or "DD" circuit.
The solar street lights are made up of five main materials.
(1) Solar modules, (2) lighting fixtures or loads, (3) rechargeable solar batteries, (4) charge containers, (5) polls.
New Genuine Solar Lantern
Solar Torch
It does not have the necessary materials to move to the streets in the rural areas. In the dark darkness, near things are not well seen. Everyone is facing this problem almost every time while returning home from work. All of us use torches to get rid of this problem. Currently there are fewer current LED light torches available in the market. But it is not possible to charge this torch in all areas where there is still a lack of electricity. But this type of torch does not cost too much electricity to charge. Solar torch
As a result, adding a small solar module to this type of torch is free from all problems. Using a small regulator circuit if needed, it is possible to charge the rechargeable battery well in the torch. In this case, the battery life will also increase.
Solar Water Pumps
P.V. Solar water pump is a very reliable instrument in the direct solar system. It is used to grow or water the field. Such water pump AC or DC is available in both ways. This method can be used by both Surface and Submersible Pumps. However, adding the battery back-up to the system is possible to run the pump even after the evening. We know the cost of electricity is more than running electricity from conventional electricity. So there is no pair of solar water pump for irrigation water in the field, where there is no need to continue the pump.
Economy solar home lighting system:
Printed circuit board
Ongrid Solar System
From a connection to the conventional grid with such a solar system. Solar connections are given first priority and the conventional grid connections are placed second in priority. The offgraded solar system is divided into two.
Printed circuit board
(1) Grid Tie Solar System (Not Metering). (2) Grid Interactive Solar System (PCU).
Net Metering - Battery is not used on this type of solar system. During the day, the current from the solar modules runs the required equipment and the same loads from the conventional grid during the night. But a significant feature of this solar system is that, if the excess electricity needed from the solar modules can be returned to the conventional grid. However, there is a modern metering system for how much electricity is being produced from the solar module, how much or how the load is being supplied, and how much it is going back to the current grid. Called net meter. Which works jointly with a sophisticated inverter.
Power Conditioning Unit (P.C.U.):
Battery is used on such solar systems. The battery is charged in combination with solar and conventional grids. Solar connections are preferred over the system. As a result, battery is charged from the current on Solar modules, and battery charging from conventional grid on cloudy days. We can run the necessary load at any time from the charged battery. As a result, there is no pair of solar system in all the places where continuous power connection is required.
Regulated adjustable power supply
Solar Water Heating System
The method of heating the water by utilizing heat from the sun is called the solar water heating system. We know that keeping bucket of water in equal proportion compared to a bucket of water, it is hot in the sun, leaving it in the sun. Gumla's face is bigger than the bucket and its height is much lower. As a result, there is much more heat than the bucket. With the hot water spreading rapidly, the process of moving upwards has been used in such a solar system. Therefore, the method of water heating in the solar system is called thermosophyton.
Solar Street Lite
1. Copper plate collector system
2. Evacuated tube collector system
Solar cooker
This is an advanced cooking device. Which makes it easy to cook without using fire. This device can be cooked using direct sun heat. In this method, the temperature of the point is increased by adding heat to a point in many places.
Solar Water Purifiers
Solar water purification is a very simple method. With this method, we can easily turn contaminated water into pure water. In this process, the contaminated water is kept in a closed glass spot in the sun's light. Due to the heat of the sun, the contaminated water becomes vaporized and deposits it on the glass. As a result of vapor, there is no bacterial pollination of water on the glass. In a very simple way, pure water deposited on the glass is collected.
Solar Systems in Business Perspective
Solar system demand is less than everywhere in the world. Depending on the geographical location, the demand for the solar system and its value depends on the location. The reason is that sunflower strength is one in one place. Like in the north-India sunlight is much higher than in East India. That is why there is more electricity than the same solar modules. For the same reason we need more solar modules if we have electricity in the same way in West Bengal.
But the most positive aspect of our West Bengal is that there are lots of scopes here to work on solar systems.
Those who are willing to work on this subject can collect the necessary materials from the market. Which will be needed to produce small or large multiples models.
On 18-09-2024, 0 56
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